Judaism: consequences without Christian inherited-guilt doctrine

Judaism treats Adam's transgression seriously, but does not organize the human condition around Augustine's later Christian formulation of original sin.

Jewish thought places strong emphasis on personal moral responsibility, repentance, commandments and the struggle of human inclination.

That does not mean Adam had no consequences. It means those consequences are not defined through the same doctrinal system.

Catholicism: contracted, not personally committed

Catholic doctrine teaches that Adam and Eve's personal sin leaves humanity deprived of original holiness and with a wounded nature subject to suffering, death and inclination toward sin.

But the Catechism makes a distinction often lost in popular summaries: original sin is “contracted” rather than personally “committed” by Adam's descendants. It does not carry the character of each descendant personally performing Adam's act.

Catholic Catechism: The Fall

Eastern Orthodoxy: mortality and corruption

Orthodox theology commonly emphasizes ancestral sin: humanity inherits a world of mortality and corruption, while Adam's individual culpability is distinguished from the condition inherited by his descendants.

Human nature is wounded and death-bound. Salvation is therefore described strongly through healing, restoration, deification and Christ's victory over death.

This differs in emphasis from some Western courtroom formulations, even where the traditions share substantial beliefs about humanity's fallen condition.

Reformed Protestantism: Adamic guilt and corruption

Classical Reformed theology gives Adam a representative role. The Westminster tradition speaks of the guilt of Adam's first sin, loss of original righteousness and corruption of nature as belonging to humanity's fallen state.

Westminster Confession

Lutheran Christianity

The Augsburg Confession likewise teaches a deeply inherited sinful condition: humans are born without proper fear and trust of God and with sinful desire, requiring regeneration through Christ.

Augsburg Confession: Original Sin

Wesleyan / Methodist Christianity

Wesleyan theology also affirms inherited corruption but places major emphasis on prevenient grace—God's prior grace enabling fallen humans genuinely to respond.

That makes “Protestants believe…” too blunt. The nature of human inability and the operation of grace differ significantly among Protestant systems.

Islam: Adam is forgiven; guilt is not inherited

The Qur'an explicitly presents Adam as repenting and receiving God's mercy and guidance.

Islam therefore rejects inherited Adamic guilt. Human beings enter earthly life responsible for their own response to divine guidance.

Qur'an 2:37–39

The key correction

“Original sin” is not one universal Abrahamic doctrine.

It is a family of specifically Christian doctrines, and even within Christianity the relationship among guilt, corruption, mortality, freedom and grace is disputed.